This is a corollary to the previous post‡ exploring how many molecules are needed to ionise HCl. Here I am asking how many water molecules are required to form the ionic ammonium hydroxide from ammonia and water.
Posts Tagged ‘free energy difference’
How many water molecules does it take to form ammonium hydroxide from ammonia and water?
Sunday, March 20th, 2016Spotting the unexpected. The trifluoromeric effect in the hydration of the carbonyl group.
Friday, March 9th, 2012The equilibrium for the hydration of a ketone to form a gem-diol hydrate is known to be highly sensitive to substituents. Consider the two equilibria:
The mysteries of stereoinduction.
Thursday, July 1st, 2010Stereo-induction is, lets face it, a subtle phenomenon. The ratio of two stereoisomers formed in a reaction can be detected very accurately by experiment, and when converted to a free energy difference using ΔG = -RT Ln K, this can amount to quite a small value (between 0.5 – 1.5 kcal/mol). Can modelling reproduce effects originating from such small energy differences? Well one system that has been argued about now for several decades is shown below as 1.